John Adams †Harmonielehre Essay

By inventing the serial system of twelve tone music and atonalism, Schoenberg had created â€Å"the agony of modern music†. The minimalists had rebelled against the systematic, â€Å"aurally ugly† music of Schoenberg and the avant-garde beliefs of atonality being the â€Å"Promised Land†, choosing instead to return to traditional tonality. Adams partially agreed with the rebellion against Schoenbergian music, his works containing distinctly minimalist elements. Thus when he spoke about â€Å"freeing [him]self from the model Schoenberg represented†, he meant to reject serialism and atonality, as well as the process of composing which â€Å"demands rigorous systemization of structure†. However, Adams has also expressed his respect for Schoenberg. Kirchner, with whom Adams studied while at Harvard, had himself been a student of Schoenberg. Though the minimalists had already paved the way for departure from the Schoenbergian model, it was perhaps still a difficult decision for Adams to divert from such an influential figure. After all, Schoenberg pioneered serialism and atonality. In addition, having grown up listening to the popular music of his time, Adams was constantly struggling to find a balance between what he listened to (notably American jazz, popular music, gospel music and rock ‘n’ roll) and the music that he studied in university. Adams had upset two camps of thought with Harmonielehre’s 1985 premiere: â€Å"Minimalists thought it was a tribute to their No. 1 bogeyman while modernists saw it as a reactionary piece that took their hero’s name in  vain.† This essay thus seeks to discuss the main characteristics of Adams’s compositional style in particular reference to Harmonielehre, and hence attempt to determine if, as a result of Adams’s internal conflicts, the said work is more of a refreshing new departure or a return to tried and tested orchestral gestures. Adams’s derivation from atonality may be considered a return to tried and tested orchestral gestures. He was particularly taken with the expressiveness of tonality, appreciating its potential to affect emotions in the hands of masters like Wagner, whom he greatly admired. In contrast, he found atonality â€Å"severely limiting in both its expressive range as well as in its ability to maintain large formal structures.† Adams has re-embraced tonality in much of his music including Harmonielehre, containing long passages employing a single set of pitch classes usually encompassed by one diatonic set. His earlier pieces generally remain diatonic throughout. The first movement of Harmonielehre begins and ends with pounding E minor chords repeated in a typical minimalistic style, and the piece culminates with a tidal wave of brass and percussion over an E-flat major pedal point. However, Adams is not a complete traditionalist as his harmonic vocabulary does not remain limited to purely diatonic chords. Non-diatonic pcs are frequently introduced in his later pieces beginning with Harmonielehre. Pcs outside E minor are first introduced in b.19 of the first movement, in this case D, making the chord an Em7. Example 1. John Adams, Harmonielehre, mm. 17-21, orchestral reduction D reappears in b.31 and henceforth gains prominence. Here, it is featured in the piano, blurring the E minor centre. Example 2. John Adams, Harmonielehre, harmonic sketch The end of the last movement (Meister Eckhardt and Quackie), features more  chromatic harmonies, with a ‘vast harmonic struggle that breaks through into an emphatic release on E-flat major’. Unlike a traditional tonal piece with systematically planned harmonies and a conclusive modulatory sequence, Adams simply â€Å"place[s] the keys together, as if in a mixer, and let them battle it out†. Nevertheless, the chromaticism is built on a diatonic basis, evident from their association with diatonic passages and the secondary role of the non-diatonic pcs. Harmonielehre is thus largely a tonal work and parodies the book by the same title written by Schoenberg, in which he discusses the functions of tonal harmony only to completely renounce it. By the title of Harmonielere, Adams explores aspects of harmony within his own language. Adams’s subscription to minimalism may also be considered a return to tried and tested orchestral gestures since minimalism had been going on for some time before he came on scene. The principal minimalist features include â€Å"a continuous formal structure, an even rhythmic texture and bright tone, a simple harmonic palette, a lack of extended melodic lines, and repetitive patterns.† Some of Adams’s early piano works, notably Common tones in Simple Time (1979-80, rev. 1986), Light Over Water (1983), and Phrygian Gates (1978) fit the aforementioned criteria. This is also observed in the opening of Harmonielehre (Example 3). The minimalistic repetitions of the E minor chords result in the creation of a repetitive pulse. Example 3. John Adams, Harmonielehre, mm. 1-10, orchestral reduction A simple harmonic palette (as discussed earlier) is a feature of both the Minimalist and Tonal traditions. Slow harmonic changes are evident in the opening (Example 3) – the E minor chord lasts till b.19 when D is introduced in the flutes and oboes and only 26 bars later (b.45) is a C added. The harmony finally changes again at b.59.These simple harmonies and gradual harmonic movement further imply the influence of minimalism. Example 4. John Adams, Harmonielehre, harmonic sketch However, Adams expands these minimalist techniques rather than using the aesthetic and style common in Reich’s or Riley’s music. While most minimalists (with the notable exception of La Monte Young) shunned the minimalist label, Adams embraces it and feels that he has exceeded the label: â€Å"Minimalism really can be a bore – you get those Great Prairies of non-event – but that highly polished, perfectly resonant sound is wonderful.† His later works, while still bearing some minimalist characteristics, depart from the common aesthetic, and no attempt is made to achieve systematic purity. Adams formulates his melodies using an additive technique, which is common to Glass. However, unlike Glass, there is no obvious pattern as to where or when Adams chooses to add or subtract notes, and the resultant melody is unpredictable. This is seen in the second violins in the first movement (Example 5): Example 5. Adams, Harmonielehre, mm. 180-84, second violins Another example can be drawn from the opening, featuring the Minimalist repetition of E minor chords which do not recur in any regular rhythmic pattern. The sense of pulse is unclear and somewhat unpredictable as the chords move closer by increments and create a syncopated effect, compromising the Minimalist technique of even and continuous pulsation. Adams’s deviation from Minimalism is also evidenced by his remarks in relation to Harmonielehre: â€Å"I’m not the kind of composer who†¦ previsages the entire structure of a piece in advance†¦ in a certain sense, I feel the structure as I’m creating it.† Adams is not a â€Å"pure† Minimalist – while he utilizes Minimalist techniques, his simultaneous fondness of expressivity is unique. The combination of both traits is a refreshing departure from both extremities. In Adams’ words, â€Å"I don’t have the kind of refined, systematic language that [the minimalists]  have†¦ I rely a lot more on my intuitive sense of balance†¦ as far as I can tell, most nineteenth-century composers wrote on intuitive levels.† He found that the Minimalist aesthetic of non-teleology resulted in a ‘confined emotional bandwidth’ and threatened to limit Minimalist music. Thus in most of his works, he employs Minimalist techniques to explore its â€Å"expressive emotional potential – something the first generation [of Minimalists] generally eschewed.† Adams’ fondness for expressiveness is not only evidenced by his embracement of tonality, but also by other signature Romantic traits found in his works. This is especially true in Harmonielehre, which â€Å"verges on Minimalism, but touches almost as much on a melodic Romanticism†. The combination of minimalist techniques with Romantic expressivity is evidenced in the opening of the last movement. The flutes take the accompanying line, with repetitive patterns first on E and G, then on an E minor triad. A melody characterised by expressive leaps (taken by the strings) is heard over the shimmering waves of repetition. Such timbre further creates a warm, emotive sound. The same movement contains a passage beginning with pounding E minor chords. The harmony here is relatively simple, gradually shifting from one chord to the next through the addition or alteration of a note (a rather Minimalist characteristic). Minimalist harmony combines with the Romantic textures to culminate in the climax (Example 6), with the texture and sound continuously thickening and broadening. Example 6, Harmonic sketch, Meister Eckhardt and Quackie Another example can be seen in the first movement (mm. 254-300), which contains a broad singing melody first carried by the solo horn then cellos, and later the upper strings. The accompanying triple arpeggios (first harp and woodwinds) weld the section with the preceding passage of repetitive patterns and pulses. Along with the sustained brass chords, the music reaches a climax with the amalgamation of the two different styles, reminiscent of Romanticism with the broadening texture and warm sound. Example 7. Harmonielehre I (bar 257 – 267) Thus although these passages clearly exceed the Minimalist style in their melodic and harmonic construction, the Minimalist technique dominates the accompaniment in rhythm and texture, a distinct example of how the music is a ‘refreshing new departure’. â€Å"The shades of Mahler, Sibelius, Debussy, and the young Schoenberg are everywhere in this strange piece.† The second movement of Harmonielehre (The Anfortas Wound) alludes to Sibelius’ Fourth Symphony (1910 – 11), which Adams claims as the ‘primary generating model’ , evidenced by the long, melancholic melody played by muted cellos. This movement also bears a programmatic reference to Wagner’s Parsifal (1857 – 1882) featuring Anfortas , represented by the long, elegiac trumpet solo. Wrenching harmonies, constantly descending chords and regular meters contribute to ‘†¦the imagery of sickness and confinement, one day after another, just rolling on.’ The ending of the movement contains two giant climaxes, the second one a tribute to Mahler’s unfinished Ninth Symphony (1909 – 1919). The first movement bears a tribute to the late Romantics, including allusions to, ironically, Schoenberg’s Gurrelieder (1900 – 1911). The shimmering effect in the opening of the third movement even alludes to early Impressionism. These Romantic traits, along with the Minimalistic slow harmonic rhythms, again show the eclectic treatment of both styles. In conclusion, Harmonielehre is a combination of â€Å"the harmonic economy of Minimalism with the picturesque extravagance of late-Romantic orchestration.† Adams does not revolutionize music in the way that Schoenberg or the minimalists did by completely rejecting the previous popular approach to composition. His music could thus be considered a return to tried and tested orchestral gestures. However, by combining both romantic expressiveness and minimalist techniques, he has created a new level of balance between the two which is indubitably a refreshing departure from both styles. In his own words, Adams says that â€Å"[Many composers] want to rewrite history or something. I don’t.† Bibliography Books J. Adams, Hallelujah Junction: Composing an American Life (London, 2008) A. Schoenberg, Theory of Harmony (London, 1983) O. Karolyi, Modern American Music: from Charles Ives to minimalists (United States, 1996), 304 D. A. Lee, Masterworks of 20th-Century Music: The Modern Repertory of the Symphony Orchestra (New York, August 2002), 1-7 Watkins, 572. / 576-77 Articles J. Adams, Introductory Notes for Harmonielehre John Adams, quoted in Michael Steinberg, â€Å"Harmonium, by John Adams,† program notes for the San Francisco Symphony, Stagebill, 4, 6-7 Jan. 1987, 20B. Philip Clark, Programme Notes for the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, 28 Jan 2011 The discussion between Jonathan Cott and Adams concerning Harmonielehre in liner notes to Harmonielehre (Nonesuch 79115, 1985) T. A. Johnson, ‘Minimalism: Aesthetic, Style or Technique?’, The Music Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Winter, 1994), 747-773 T. A. Johnson, ‘Harmonic Vocabulary in the Music of John Adams: A Hierarchical Approach’, Journal of Music Theory, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1993), 117-156 T. May, ‘Interview: John Adams reflects on his career’, The John Adams Reader, ed. Thomas May (USA, 2006), 2-28 C. Pellegrino, ‘Aspects of Closure in the Music of John Adams’, Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), 147-175 A. Ross, ‘The Harmonist’, The John Adams Read er, ed. Thomas May (USA, 2006), 29-44 K. R. Schwarz, â€Å"Young Composers: John Adams,† Music and Musicians, Mar. 1985, 10. K. R. Schwarz, ‘Process vs. Intuition in the Recent Works of Steve Reich and John Adams’, American Music, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), 245-273 M. Steinberg, ‘Harmonielehre’, The John Adams Reader, ed. Thomas May (USA, 2006), 101-105 John Adams, quoted in Michael Steinberg, â€Å"Harmonium, by John Adams,† program notes for the San Francisco Symphony, Stagebill, 4, 6-7 Jan. 1987, 20B David Sterritt, â€Å"John Adams and His Nixon in China’: Could This Be Another ‘Porgy and Bess’?† Christian Science Monitor, 19 Oct. 1987, 21-22 John Adams, â€Å"From Nixon in China to Walt Whitman: An Interview with John Adams† interview by Edward Strickland, Fanfare, Jan-Feb. 1990, 46. Websites P. Gutmann, ‘John Adams – Popularity without Pondering’, Classical Notes (accessed 15 November 2011), http://www.classicalnotes.net/columns/adams.html#harmonielehre J. Kosman, ‘Harmonielehre, John Adams’, Chester Novello (accessed 15 November 2011), http://www.chesternovello.com/default.aspx?TabId=2432&State_3041=2&workId_3041=23704 D. Robertson, ‘Transcript of David Robertson: Conductor and music scholar discusses the importance of John Adams’ orchestral work â€Å"Harmonielehre† in helping us understand the way music can look back yet anticipate the new in musical sounds’, The Music Show (accessed 20 November 2011), http://www.abc.net.au/rn/music/mshow/s924166.htm C. Zeichner, ‘Minimalism maximized – John Adams’, Ariama (accessed 21 November 2011), http://www.ariama.com/features/minimalism-maximized-john-adams Discography J. Adams, Harmonielehre, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Sir Simon Rattle (EMI Classics), 1994, CD B000002RU2 General Comments An excellent response to the question. You have used an admirable range of sources and, most importantly, identified critical material arising from the premiere of the piece. You have not only used music examples effectively, but made your own harmonic analyses where none others were available. Your writing style is clear and concise and citation accurate. Countermarker’s comment: agreed. An outstanding essay, well-done! ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J. Adams, Introductory Notes for Harmonielehre [ 2 ]. Loc. cit. [ 3 ]. J. Adams, Hallelujah Junction: Composing an American Life (London, 2008), p.107 [ 4 ]. K. R. Schwarz, ‘Process vs. Intuition in the Recent Works of Steve Reich and John Adams’, American Music, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), p.245-273 [ 5 ]. Philip Clark, Programme Notes for the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, 28 Jan 2011 [ 6 ]. Adams, Op. cit., 104 (Hallelujah Junction) [ 7 ]. Henceforth abbreviated as â€Å"pcs† [ 8 ]. T. A. Johnson, ‘Harmonic Vocabulary in the Music of John Adams: A Hierarchical Approach’, Journal of Music Theory, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1993), 117-156 [ 9 ]. Examples: Harmonium (1980), Common Tones in Simple Tone (1979) and Shaker Loops (1978) [ 10 ]. T. A. Johnson, ‘Minimalism: Aesthetic, Style or Technique?’, The Music Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Winter, 1994), 747-773 [ 11 ]. Johnson, Op. cit, 136 (Journal of Music Theory) [ 12 ]. Adams, Op. cit., 130 (Hallelujah Junction) [ 13 ]. M. Steinberg, ‘Harmonielehre’, The John Adams Reader, ed. Thomas May (USA, 2006), 101-105 [ 14 ]. T. A. Johnson, Op. cit, (Journal of Music Theory), 117-156 [ 15 ]. T. A. Johnson, Op. cit. (The Music Quarterly), 747-773 [ 16 ]. T. A. Johnson, Op. cit. (The Music Quarterly), 747-773 [ 17 ]. David Sterritt, â€Å"John Adams and His ‘Nixon in China’: Could This Be Another ‘Porgy and Bess’?† Christian Science Monitor, 19 Oct. 1987, 21-22 [ 18 ]. John Adams, quoted in Michael Steinberg, â€Å"Harmonium, by John Adams,† program notes for the San Francisco Symphony, Stagebill, 4, 6-7 Jan. 1987, 20B [ 19 ]. K. R. Schwarz, Op. Cit. (American Music) 245-273 [ 20 ]. T.A. Johnson, Op. Cit. (Journal of Music Theory), 117-156 [ 21 ]. From the discussion between Jonathan Cott and Adams concerning Harmonielehre in liner notes to Harmonielehre (Nonesuch 79115, 1985) [ 22 ]. John Adams, in an interview held in 1986 [ 23 ]. T. May, ‘Interview: John Adams reflects on his career’, The John Adams Reader, (USA, 2006), 2-28 [ 24 ]. K. Robert Schwarz, â€Å"Young American Composers: John Adams,† Music and Musicians, Mar. 1985, 10. [ 25 ]. Joseph Pehrson, New music Connoisseur, review for Harmonielehre [ 26 ]. T. A. Johnson, Op. Cit. (Journal of Music Theory),754 [ 27 ]. Adams, Op. Cit., Notes for Harmonielehre [ 28 ]. Steinberg, Op. Cit., 103 [ 29 ]. Based on C.G. Jung’s discussion of Anfortas, the king whose wounds could never be healed [ 30 ]. Steinberg, Op. Cit., 105

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and Investment Banks Essay

Over the past decades, retail banks have remained the main commercial bank for consumers, rather than corporations or other banks. The investment bank has become more popular amongst individuals, corporations and governments which are interested in raising their profits. Retail banks and investment banks have different organizational structures and activities. So they have many differences, such as services, customers and profits. And this report aims to distinguish between the retail bank and the investment bank in order to identify their specific service areas. Firstly, the author will review some literature focusing on the definitions. Secondly, the author will illustrate the differences between them from their target activities and functions. Retail banks offer a range of services to individual customers and small businesses, rather than to large companies and other banks. These include: savings and transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards and credit cards. An investment bank is a bank which specializes in providing funds to corporate borrowers for startup or expansion and does not accept deposits but provides services to those who offer securities to investors, and to those investors themselves. It may also assist and support companies which are involved in mergers and acquisitions, and provides ancillary services such as market making, trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange, commodities, and equity securities. From the definitions above, it clearly shows that the two types of bank provide substantially different services to customers. As a normal customer, I think the retail banks are better than the investment banks. And there are three advantages of the retail banks. Firstly, the retail banks have more branches than the investment banks. For example, Lloyds TSB Bank is a retail bank in the United Kingdom, and according to Lloyds TSB website, the bank has nearly 1,900 branches across the UK. This means that you can find the branches of TSB almost everywhere. So you can deal with some normal business easily, the branches of retail banks can be found almost everywhere. For example, you want to make emergency loans, you do not have enough time to find an investment bank to make loans, so you must choose the retail banks. Moreover, the retail banks can supply some services which the investment banks do not provide. When you want to transfer from one account to another account, you can not go to the investment banks, because the investment banks do not offer this kind of service. Therefore, if you want to deal with some normal business (such as savings, mortgages and credit cards) at a bank, it would be better to choose the retail banks. The Royal Bank of Scotland is one of the retail banking is part of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, and together with NatWest and Ulster Bank, provides branch banking facilities throughout the UK. And it can provide almost every service that the retail banks have. So it has a good reputation in Scotland. Finally, the risk of retail banks is relatively lower than the investment banks. You can get money from the rate of interest which can be higher than the other banks. Such as Barclays Corporate which belongs to the Barclays Group and provide these kinds of services (such as savings, transactional accounts, mortgages, debit cards, credit cards). It offers a service called monthly savings which is its regular savings plan that allows you to save regularly over 12 months, and you can get higher interest rates are paid where no withdrawals have been made in the previous month. This means that you can get high fixed interest of up to 3. 25% AER / 3. 20% in months when no withdrawals are made. And the revenue of the retail banks is stability and fixed. So you do not need to pay more attention to the asset in the retail banks. These advantages of the retail banks are the reasons why the retail banks are better as a normal customer. As an advanced person or a company, I think the investment banks are better. There are also many advantages of the investment banks which usually provide services for the company. First of all, most of the investment banks are global company and it can provide services more widely than the retail banks. Such as Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing a wide range of investment banking, securities, investment management and wealth management It reports US$779 billion as assets under its management. Its headquarter located in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. It has companies in 37 countries with over 1,200 offices, employees dedicated to local businesses, government agencies, institutions and individuals. So the investment banks can provide the services (such as trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange and commodities) all over the world. Secondly, the revenue of the investment banks significantly more than profit of other types of banks. If you save your extra money in the retail banks, you can only get the interest from the rates. But if you sand your money to the investment banks you can get remarkable returns although it has a high risk. For example the Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American investment bank and securities. And it provides mergers and acquisitions advice, underwriting services, asset management, and prime brokerage to its clients, which include corporations, governments and individuals. Amazingly, the company in US profits reached a record $ 13. 39 billion in 2010, on average common shareholders’ equity rate of return is 22. 5%. At last, the investment banks also can provide some special services that the retail banks do not offer. For instance, it can supply a particularly serving called â€Å"financial advice† what can make financial of a company more reasonability and determine the future line of development. UBS AG is a diversified global financial services company, with its main headquarters in Basel and Zurich, Switzerland and UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide. With â€Å"Premier Advisory Services†, UBS offers you the opportunity to schedule individual one-on-one consultations with CEFS experts who understand your equity-linked compensation as an integrative part of your total wealth management, know about the different plan vehicles and can support you on issues such as â€Å"How can I best align my equity-linked compensation with my total wealth management† or â€Å"When should I exercise, which strategy is the best†.

How Does Jane Eyre Develop Between Chapters 11 and 27 of the Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1322 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The novel Jane Eyre is predominantly a bildungsroman, Jane’s development throughout the novel is one of the most important aspects of the narrative. During Jane’s time at Thornfield she makes huge emotional progress through her relationship with Rochester and the discovery of Bertha Mason, eventually resulting in her departure from Thornfield. In chapter 11 when Jane first arrives at Thornfield She is unsure of her surroundings and the description of the thorn trees alludes to fairytales such as Sleeping Beauty and Briar Rose. This conveys Jane’s innocence and shows the reader how childlike Jane is at this stage of the novel in terms of emotional development. The theme of Jane’s limitations is also highlighted, and Jane’s focus on Mrs Fairfax’s â€Å"bunch of keys† shows the insecurity she feels about not having control over her present or future. However, Jane draws comfort from the discovery that Mrs Fairfax is also a â€Å"dependent†. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does Jane Eyre Develop Between Chapters 11 and 27 of the Novel?" essay for you Create order This shows a departure from the uncertainty she felt when she first arrived at Thornfield, and the use of the same word as was used by John Reed in the first chapter shows how much she has developed since then in order to be able to overcome the distress that the word first caused her. This emphasises the extent to which Jane has already developed and gives the reader an impression for the scope of development still possible for Jane. In the progression from the eleventh to the twelfth chapter we can see how Jane has used her connection with Mrs Fairfax to allow her to become aware of the positive aspects of the other inhabitants of Thornfield Hall and showing that she has already become more mature and is willing to reconsider her initial opinions on the residents of Thornfield like Adele and Rochester. Jane begins chapter 12 by saying: â€Å"the promise of a smooth career as not belied on a stronger acquaintance with the place. † She feels secure at Thornfield and that her impression of the place was correct, reading the novel retrospectively the reader can see that Jane’s statement underlines her naivety and shows her lack of insight into the true goings on at Thornfield. The emphasis of this is shown by Rochester’s omission of the fact that he is Thornfield’s owner when Jane sees him fall off his horse. In chapter 16 we can see Jane beginning to develop feelings for Mr Rochester: â€Å"glad at least to go downstairs; for that brought me closer to Mr Rochester’s presence† This marks a stride in her emotional development as in this instance, rather than developing an attachment to a mother figure in the search for a family, Jane is becoming attached romantically which demonstrates that she is thinking in a more adult way and instead of wanting to join a family it seems that she is striving to create one of her own. Jane’s ongoing suspicions regarding Bertha Mason, whose existence she is at this stage unaware of, show her increasing maturity as she is prepared to look deeper into a situation and is clearly no longer as naive as she was when she previously believed Mrs Fairfax’s explanation that the laughter was Grace Poole. However, Jane is willing to believe what she is told because of her feelings for Rochester which conveys a certain amount of naivety still present as, in a fairly childlike manner; she is inclined to believe what she is told by superiors as opposed to forming her own opinions or inquiring further. Jane’s reformed perspective shows that she has developed from previous chapters. Her opinion was that at Thornfield, everything was as it seemed, she has revised her opinions in an adult way and also, in not enquiring much further about the matter she is showing a mature attitude to protecting her employment and her future. Chapter 20 shows that Jane is beginning to be seen as a more adult character by Rochester as he confides in her and asks her for advice about his situation: â€Å"I’ll put a case to you; which you must endeavour to suppose your own†. Jane’s reply also shows that she is taking on the trust that Rochester has in her and responding in a mature and conscientious way: â€Å"a wanderer’s repose or a sinner’s reformation should never depend on a fellow-creature let him look higher than his equals for strength to amend, and solace to heal†. Jane encourages Rochester to look to God for answers, by distancing herself from this issue Jane is showing an older attitude towards Rochester’s request and the development in her self control can be seen. Furthermore, Jane showing her increased ability to contain her emotions takes the power from Rochester, who at this point has almost complete control over Jane’s emotions, thus empowering Jane and allowing her to overcome the pain caused by the thought of Rochester’s marriage to Blanche. The use of the word â€Å"sinner† shows that she is considering the problem with a more Christian sensibility, a lesson she has learnt from Helen Burns. Jane can be seen to be developing this trait throughout the novel but at this juncture her repression of her emotions shows her to be truly taking the lesson on board and conforming more readily to the expectations of Victorian society. Jane’s heightened sense of Christian morality is highlighted by her return to Gateshead in Chapter 21, where the extent of her development is emphasised by observation of her behaviour in Chapter 1 of the novel. Her cousins’ lack of development merely serves to accentuate Jane’s maturity and willingness to forgive Mrs Reed: â€Å"you have my full and free forgiveness†. Jane’s recently developed ability to suppress her emotions is tested in chapter 23 when Rochester tells her that he has decided to marry Blanche. Jane sobs: â€Å"for I could suppress what I endured no longer†. This demonstrates that despite the fact that Jane has suppressed her feelings before she is unable to do so all the time and implying that there is room for further development and refinement before she conforms totally to the Victorian ideal of womanhood. Jane adds weight to the argument that she still must mature more before she is at that stage in chapter 24. Rochester says that he will load her â€Å"fairy-like fingers with rings†. The use of the description â€Å"fairy-like† implies that Rochester considers Jane small and allusions to fairytales seen throughout the novel evoke the image of Jane in a childlike state. Therefore this statement causes Jane to reconsider the levels of equality between her and Rochester, as she feels unable to participate in a marriage where she still feels like a dependent. Jane’s feeling on the subject causes the reader to notice that Jane is aware of her own development and is reluctant to return to the stage she was at as a child. The discovery of Bertha Mason marks a significant turning point in Jane’s development: â€Å"In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards†. There are many possible interpretations of this section of the novel, one of which is that Bertha is a metaphor for he trapped emotions which Jane has been suppressing. When Jane sees Bertha at the end of the room it prompts her between chapters 26 and 27 to decide that it is best for her to leave Thornfield. This could be due to the nterpretation that Bertha represents Jane’s future and the motion of running backwards and forwards symbolizes the entrapment promised by her marriage to Rochester. Jane’s maturity in dealing with the situation shows her development and she realises that she needs to retain her autonomy and leave Thornfield. Despite leaving Rochester and regaining her freedom, the way in which Jane executes her actions in a demure manner demonstrates her emotional development and her revised moral views.

Essay on Global Business Plan - 3446 Words

Global Business Plan University of Phoenix Global Business Strategies MGT/448 Gary Queensberry Dec 12, 2007 Global Business Plan Orange R Us has been in business for a while and has made very strategic business decisions. When the company decided to export out of the country to Mexico, the company had to perform some research. The company performed many task such as a country risk and strategic planning analysis, devise a business plan and a marketing strategy. Oranges R Us, a company located in Tampa, Florida, produces high quality and nutritional orange juice. Since being in business for over fifteen years, the company is venturing into the international market. After thorough research of Mexico’s politics, economy,†¦show more content†¦More than 90% of Mexican trade is under Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with more than 40 countries, including the European Union, Japan, Israel, and Central and South America (Wikipedia). As of 2005, Mexico received $118 billion (53% of total) in imports from the U.S. (U.S. Department of State, 2007). Orange R Us sees Mexico as a country poi sed for a great economic turn-around. Indicators and forecast models show that the country is on a steady uphill swing and ORU feels confident in their choice of selection Mexico as the country to export their product. Social, health, and environmental With the lack of clean water in Mexico, there are all types of illness within its population. It would be very necessary to export orange juice (a beverage full of vitamin C) into Mexico with hopes that it would boost the citizens’ immune systems, allowing the country to become healthier (cia.gov, 2007). Therefore, ORU feels their product will benefit the Mexican citizens physically and is impelled to offer their product to the Mexican citizens. Physical Environment Many of the railroads and ports in Mexico have been privatized (U.S. Department of State, 2007). 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Essay about The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford’s Forgotten...

Citation: Grandin, Greg. Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford’s Forgotten Jungle City. New York: Metropolitan, 2009. Book Review: Fordlandia Henry Ford tried to make a rubber plantation in the Brazilian Amazon jungle. He wanted his own supply of rubber so that he can make his own tires and hoses for his own cars since raw materials to make rubber were monopolized by European countries in those days. So he made his own American factory town by buying over 2 million acres of land in the heart of Brazil. He said he would pay the workers double the amount then they would get if they were to work someplace else in that type of work. Ford wanted this town to be just like one back home in America and it â€Å"became the terminus for a†¦show more content†¦Another problem with Fordlandia was that Ford never set foot in Fordlandia himself but had other bosses set up to try and make this town work. The book reports the mistakes that the managers made and the outcomes that came after. Even some of the managers themselves were not able to live up to the standards that Ford had created. The book clearly shows that even though Henry Ford and his managers had a good goal in mind, it turned out to be a big failure. Henry Ford’s rubber production never succeeded in the way that he wanted it to. The soil was not right for this kind of plant. The company engineers were making guesses when making decisions about the saplings since they had no prior experience with them. The author reports leaf blights, red mites and caterpillars ate away any leaves on the trees which made the trees worthless (325). Henry Ford tried to make a little part of the Amazon jungle into the ideal civilization and failed. There were knife fights and food riots among the workers due to the diet restrictions set upon the workers and the different rules of life set up for them. The workers left when they made enough to get what they wanted. There were also diseases that spread fast and many had died. 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Report on AICD in Australia-Free-Samples-myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Prepare a report to be submitted to the AICD evaluating the evidence that the responsibility of a company director is to place shareholder interests above those of other stakeholders. Answer: Purpose of this Report The company form of business structure, in every part of the world, has a common feature of separate legal entity. Under the principle of separate legal entity, the companies are treated in a separate manner from their owners (Latimer, 2012). Further, due to this status of the companies, the company can sue and be sued by other, can individually purchase shares of any company, and it continues to have a perpetual succession, even when the owners of the company die (Wibberley, Chambers and Gioia, 2017). Eccles and Youmans (2015) stated that the companies only have the option of surviving and thriving. They believed that the shareholder value was not something which could be deemed as being the only objective for the companies in Australia. Further, the shareholder value was deemed as just a result of the companys activities. So, they put the shareholders as any other stakeholder. Though, the reality is far from truth. The shareholder interest is something which is always given the emphasis by the board of directors and the key example of this can be found in the governing act for the corporations in Australia, i.e., the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth). In the following parts, the evidence from the Corporations Act, along with some other points, has been presented to show that the company directors keep the shareholder interest as their primary goal. This report is to be submitted to AICD, so that the evidence presented here, can be presented before the general public. Background AICD, i.e., the Australian Institute of Company Directors is a body in Australia, the purpose of which is to stay committed towards excellence in governance. This is done to obtain a positive impact on the society and economy and to provide leadership to the issues related to directors (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). This report has been prepared as AICD has been apprehensive about the opinion of the company directors that the shareholder interest takes supremacy over the interest of the others. And to deal with these apprehensions, the recommendations have been drawn whereby the interest of the diverse stakeholder audience can also be given priority. Theories Stakeholder Theory This theory examines the economic, social and the political framework, in which the human life is undertaken. The emphasis is upon the financial and economic analysis which cannot be separated from the institutional, political and social frameworks of the society. This theory is focused on the primary interactions of the groups in the society where the negotiation between the company and the interest groups is deemed as the primary activity (Phillips, 2011). Proprietary Theory Under this theory, the focus is upon the entitys owners and for corporations, this is the shareholders. The key goal from the perspective of the shareholders is the rise in the shareholder value and this is deemed as the primary corporate performance indicator. This theory also explains the shareholders position under the governing act of Corporations Act and the corporate financial statements form and presentation (Obidairo, 2016). Entity Theory The basis of this theory is on the lawful fact and the concept of the separate legal entity, which gives the owners of the company and the company, a different and separated concept. Hence, the shareholders under this concept are only considered as a group of companies resource provider (Schneeman, 2009). Enterprise Theory The company is deemed as a social organization under this concept and it contains different stakeholders like the society in general, agencies of government, regional communities, clients, creditors, employees and shareholders. The economic contribution of the company to the society or the community is also demonstrated under this theory. Further, this is used for measuring the organizations economic impact in the community and is not simply focused upon the profits or losses of the operations (Dandago, 2009). Shareholder Interest: Problems and Solution The shareholders are such individuals, who purchase the shares of the company, for a sum of amount, for which they are awarded dividends and also certain rights. This money becomes the capital for the company, which is used for diversified purposes by the company. Under the Corporations Act, 2001, at different instances, the supremacy of the interest of the shareholders has been highlighted. Time and again, it would be highlighted how the shareholders interest is protected more and more and there is a lack of evidence which could prove the same for the other stakeholders as well. Duties of Directors The Corporations Act is applicable on all the corporations having its operations in the commonwealth of the nation. The company directors have been imparted with the duty to carry on the operations of the company, on behalf of the shareholders. The emphasis is always upon the stakeholders (Cassidy, 2006). Under section 198A(1) of the Corporations Act, the company carries on its business by the directors of the company and it has to be managed under the directions of the company. In order to keep the directors focused towards their role, they have been given certain duties, which have been covered under Chapter 2Ds Part 2D.1. These duties are focused upon the operations of the company being conducted in a proper and diligent manner, whereby the shareholder rights stay protected (Australian Government, 2017). Under section 180 of this act, the directors have been given the duty to use their powers and fulfill their duties in a care and diligent manner, as would be done by a prudent individual. Section 181 imposes a duty of good faith over the company directors, where the directors are required to fulfill their duties and use their powers for proper purpose and the companys best interest (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). Section 182 imparts the diligence in matter of use of position of the directors in a manner where the company is not detrimental or where the director does not obtain a personal gain (WIPO, 2015). Related provisions like 182 are given under section 183, regarding the use of information of the company. And section 184 makes it a criminal offence for the directors when there is a misuse of the information of the company and the position and is not in the good faith of the company (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). There are a number of cases, where the directors of the company have been held liable for breaching their duties and for working against the interest of the shareholders. In the case of ASIC v Soust [2010] FCA 68, the Federal Court held Soust liable for breaching the director duties (Hodgkinson, 2010). In HIH Insurance Limited (in liquidation) Ors [2016] NSWSC 482, the plaintiff was the shareholders of the company, who had purchased the shares of the company, at inflated prices. The court allowed the plaintiff to recover the losses and there was no need for them to show that there was a linkage between the deceptive and misleading conduct of the company and the purchase decision of the plaintiff (Adams, 2009). This issue becomes a problem as the act does not pay that much emphasis to the interest of the other stakeholders, as is done by imposing the duties upon the directors and other officers of the company. In order to solve this issue, as a best practice, the company directors should take care of the interest of other stakeholders also, when they discharge their duties and align these with the interest of other stakeholders. Rights of Shareholders The shareholders have been given the right to inspect the books of the company under this act, through section 247A (ICNL, 2017). The availability of this right is dependent upon the satisfaction of the court that the shareholders are acting for proper purpose and in good faith of the company and the inspection of the books is being carried on for the benefit of the company. A key example of this right was seen in the different cases which were brought before the court, including the case of Hanks v Admiralty Resources NL [2011] FCA 891 and Mesa Minerals Limited v Mighty River International Limited [2016] FCAFC 16 (Mainprize, 2017). There is a need to provide such rights to the other stakeholders also. As the amendment of acts is not as easy, the companies should, as a best practice, adopt a mechanism through which the other stakeholders can raise voice in such issues. Relief Under section 1324 of the Corporations Act, the ASIC, i.e., the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the other individuals who are of the view that their interest is being affected, have been given the legal backing to apply to the competent court and obtain an injunction order, or a declaration from the court against the directors or the other officers, who fail to fulfill the obligations which have been imposed on them through this act. Similar provisions were given under the erstwhile act of Corporations Law through section 574. The court can, through section 1324, make an award for damages for the individual who brought the matter before the court, and to any other related plaintiff, who is affected due to such actions of the director. Hence, by default, the directors have to undertake care and diligence when they perform their duties. By making an application to the AICD, the other stakeholders can evade the issue which is presented through these rights being available to a specific set of individuals, which may not necessarily include all the other stakeholders. Oppression and mismanagement The company law is historically based on the principle of rule of majority. And so, the decisions of the company are undertaken by a majority vote. However, this does not mean that the rights of the minority shareholders are forgotten. The minority shareholders are specifically protected under the Corporations Act and it always remains of importance, that their rights are not breached. Part 2F.1 of the Corporations Act, 2001 gives the right to the minority shareholders to claim against any such oppression and mismanagement, undertaken by the directors of the company. The significance of the minority shareholders right can be inferred from the power which is available with the shareholders of the company to override the decisions which have been made by the board of the company (Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2013). In the UK based case of Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34, the board of the company had been given the general power of managing the company, by the internal governance rules of the company. The qualification of these decisions was subjected to a special resolution which had to be passed by the members of the company. Out of the 2700 shares, 1202 shares of the company were held by McDiarmid. He arranged for the assets of the company to be sold and for the company to be undertaken by another. This needed a shareholder resolution so that the same could be used to instruct the board to carry out the transaction. The resolution got 1502 votes and hence was passed with a simple majority. The directors resisted the resolution as this transaction was not deemed to be in the companys best interest. The matter was brought before the court and the decision was given in favor of the directors. The reason for taking this step was to safeguard the intere st of minority shareholders and the interest of the company (Mntysaari, 2006). The protection to the shareholder from oppression is provided in every company related act, across the globe. So, when the shareholders are of the view, that due to them being less in number, they are being oppressed, than an action can be brought against the company, against the undertaken oppression. The courts of Australia, including the Supreme Court of NSW, through the Corporations Act have the power of making an order in cases where the directors conduct is established to be in contravention to the shareholders interest, or is deemed as oppressive or unfairly prejudicial. Though, the company is not generally wound up for such reasons, when a case of oppression has been made and has been established, as winding up of the company is deemed as being a final and concluding step (Baxt, 2007). One of the manners in which such issues can be resolved was seen in the matter of Hillam v Ample Source International Ltd (No. 2) (2012) FCAFC 73, which was brought before the court of law (BRI Ferrier, 2015). It was stated in this matter that the minority shareholders had been oppressed owing to the board of directors conduct. And ignoring the solvency, this was considered to be the correct decision in this particular instance, to wind up the company and for the companys assets to be sold and the proceedings to be distributed in the shareholders of the company (Gibson Howlin Lawyers, 2012). The particular section for minority oppression in the Corporations Act is section 232, where the shareholders are granted relief, when the affairs of the company can be shown to be opposite the shareholders interest and also in such cases, where the same seems to be discriminatory in an unfair manner, prejudicial, oppressive against the shareholders. Though, it is significant that the unfairness is present and just the presence of prejudice and discrimination is not sufficient (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2013). This issue is more or less aligned to the rights of the shareholders only and hence, the company directors are bound to address this issue. And not much can be done to give this right to the other stakeholders, till the time they are oppressed or mismanaged by the company, owing to the lack of shareholding. Recommendations The above issues highlighted a range of options for the company directors, which it is recommended for them to be followed so that they can cater to the different stakeholder audience, in which, the shareholders of the company are included. The directors have to strictly abide by the duties which have been imposed on them and this has to be done in order uphold the best interest of the company, which would automatically be in the interest of all the stakeholders. There is a need for the directors of the company, to keep a special check on the minority shareholders rights, as the majority principle can prove to be a breach of their rights. It is also recommended to the directors of the company to adhere to the provisions of the Corporations Act, as this act takes care of the right of each of the shareholders, which can range from the shareholders of the company, to its creditors. More importantly, before all this is done, there is a need on part of the company to effectively identify its diversified stakeholders and categorize them broadly, where the rights of a similar group are aligned together and such group is made a single group of stakeholders. Lastly, for the company directors to improve upon the safeguarding of the interest of the stakeholders there is a need to go beyond the letter of the law and fulfill its spirit. Conclusion The discussion which has been carried in the previous parts has thrown a light on the duties which have been imposed on the directors of the company. One magnified look at these highlight the underpinned theme of protecting the shareholders of the company, from any such action, which harms them, and the company. The governing act, i.e., the Corporations Act, has given different rights to the shareholders of the company, which not only give them an option to have a say in the affairs of the company, but also to raise their voice in case they feel that their rights are being infringed, particularly when they do not favor the company. The case laws highlighted above show the manner in which these rights are granted to the shareholders. When the act is so much emphasized upon the shareholders, it can be clearly stated that the shareholder interest is kept over and above the interest of the other stakeholders. And to improve upon the safeguarding and upholding of the interest of the other stakeholders of the company, the above mentioned recommendations could prove to be helpful References Adams, M.A. (2009) Australian Corporate Governance: Lessons from HIH Insurance. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ALRS/2005/1.html#fnB8 [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Australian Government. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2013) Dont forget minority shareholders. [Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/publications/company-director-magazine/2013-back-editions/april/opinion-do-not-forget-minority-shareholders [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2017) Find out more about who we are and what we do. [Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/about [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Baxt, R. (2007) Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers. 19th ed. Sydney, NSW: The Australian Institute of Company Directors. BRI Ferrier. (2015) Breakdown in corporate relations: winding up on the just and equitable ground. [Online] BRI Ferrier. Available from: https://briferrier.com.au/news/breakdown-in-corporate-relations-winding-up-on-the-just-and-equitable-ground [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Dandago, K.I. (2009) Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice. London: Adonis Abbbey Publisher Limited. Eccles, R.G., and Youmans, T. (2015) Why Boards Must Look Beyond Shareholders. [Online] MIT Sloan Management Review. Available from: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/why-boards-must-look-beyond-shareholders/ [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Gibson Howlin Lawyers. (2012) Oppression of Minority Shareholders. [Online] Gibson Howlin Lawyers. Available from: https://www.gibsonhowlinlawyers.com/recent-developments/oppression-of-minority-shareholders [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Hodgkinson, J. (2010). CEO guilty of market manipulation. [Online] John Hodgkinson. Available from: https://johnhodgkinson.wordpress.com/2010/02/19/ceo-guilty-of-market-manipulation-and-market-rigging/ [Accessed on: 31/07/17] ICNL. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Mainprize, S. (2017) Shareholders And The Right To Inspect Company Books. [Online] ERA Legal. Available from: https://www.eralegal.com.au/2017/04/03/shareholders-right-inspect-company-books/ [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Mntysaari, P. (2006) Comparative Corporate Governance: Shareholders as a Rule-maker. New York: Springer. Obidairo, S. (2016) Transnational Corruption and Corporations: Regulating Bribery Through Corporate Liability. Oxon: Routledge. Phillips, R.A. (2011) Stakeholder Theory. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Schneeman, A. (2009) Law of Corporations and Other Business Organization. 5th ed. New York: Delmar. Victorian Law Reform Commission. (2013) The oppression remedy in the Corporations Act. [Online] Victorian Law Reform Commission. Available from: https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/content/3-oppression-remedy-corporations-act#footnote-135972-53-backlink [Accessed on: 31/07/17] Wibberley, J., Chambers, G., and Gioia, M.D. (2017) Lifting, Piercing And Sidestepping The Corporate Veil. Guildhall Chambers. [Online] Available from: https://www.guildhallchambers.co.uk/uploadedFiles/PiercingtheCorporate%20Veil.JW,MDG.pdf [Accessed on: 31/07/17] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 31/07/17]

Who Should Rule

Who should rule? According to Plato, philosophers should rule because they have what it takes to be leaders. In his work, Plato explains that leaders should possess certain â€Å"forms†. These forms are relevant because they are unchanging and present the best knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who Should Rule? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Plato believes that philosophers are the only people who can grasp such aspects (Jowett 19). They are also capable of understanding everything appropriately. The leading â€Å"form†, according to Plato, is that of â€Å"Good†. All other â€Å"forms† arise from the â€Å"Form of Good†. According to Plato, philosophers grasp ideas by undergoing through certain stages of understanding. This is what makes them the best leaders in a society. Plato claims that philosophers are a class of men that possess unique ideas, knowledge, and unde rstanding (Adam 72). They are â€Å"just† and capable of leading others. The souls of these philosophers are conditioned thus making it easier for them to fulfill the needs and expectations of their people. Rationality, according to Plato, is what guides a philosopher. Rationality is one of the attributes that make a philosopher an effective leader. Philosophers will promote justice because it is worthwhile. Justice is relevant because it embraces people’s psyche and health. Such leaders will ensure the souls of their people are healthy, contented, untroubled, and happy. Such kings are able to make appropriate judgment in order to address the needs of the people. The other argument presented by Plato is that of pleasure. Philosophers are â€Å"truth-loving†, something that makes it easier for them to apply â€Å"impartial judgment†. According to Plato, any kind of pleasure that is not associated with truth and philosophy is unpleasant. Only philosophers u nderstand the importance of â€Å"just life† and its importance towards a better society. From this understanding, it is agreeable that being a philosopher is a privilege. Plato believes that philosophy is a unique occupation that embraces wisdom (Adam 48). Such kings will be â€Å"just†. This is necessary because justice helps such kings grasp the â€Å"Form of the Good†. Philosophers will imitate the â€Å"Form of the Good† thus creating orderly societies.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the above discussion, it is notable that Plato connects the idea of â€Å"justice† to the â€Å"Form of Good†. He furthers views the two as essential qualities of a leader. That being the case, it becomes evident that philosophers possess such qualities. The kings will behave in a â€Å"just† manner because it is the best thing for them to do. A s well, such leaders consider justice to be something essential regardless of the rewards or punishments it presents (Jowett 20). Plato believes that justice should be able to appeal to psychology. This is what promotes individual justice. With such ideas, Plato strongly believes that a philosopher will become the best ruler in The Republic. From a personal perspective, I would support Plato because he offers valid ideas about leadership. Philosophers should become kings because they will govern their kingdoms for the good and welfare of the citizens. Such kings will apply practical theories and ideas in order to address the needs of the people. The approach will ensure all classes benefit equally from their leadership. Philosophers, as Plato argues, will not leave the minorities behind (Jowett 85). This will promote equality, peace, and development. These classes include farmers, warriors, and guardians. With these three classes, philosophers can establish the best systems thus mak ing it easier for the people to understand their respective obligations and responsibilities. The idea can reduce corruption and injustice. The people will never question their positions in the society. Instead, they will stand firm in order to safeguard their rights. This explains why such kings can address most of the challenges affecting our societies today. According to Plato, a ruler should have skills and virtues in order to lead others. This is necessary because a tyrant cannot be virtuous. A king will establish the best relations in his kingdom. He will always be close to his family, his villages, and eventually bring his people closer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who Should Rule? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the â€Å"Form of Good†, the philosopher will make his kingdom successful. The leader will use his knowledge to implement the best ideas and opportunities that can address the di verse needs of his people. As Plato states, â€Å"true leaders should consider every issue at hand in order to make the best decisions (Jowett 103)†. This explains why only philosophers can complete these duties and empower their people. After examining Plato’s arguments, it is evident that philosophers can help establish successful societies. Such a philosopher will be a servant of the people. This is exactly what Plato argues in his work, â€Å"The Republic†. Although many people would argue that Plato’s ideas influenced leaders like Adolf Hitler, the outstanding fact is that such a leader was a tyrant but not a philosopher-king. It is necessary to consider some of the ideas presented by Plato in order to understand the importance of justice and proper leadership (Jowett 75). If applied properly, Plato’s views on leadership can help societies and corporations overcome most of the challenges they face today. Works Cited Adam, James. The Republic o f Plato. New York: Longman, 2009. Print. Jowett, Benjamin. The Republic by Plato. New York: Wiley, 2010. Print. This essay on Who Should Rule? was written and submitted by user Randall Mccray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.